Te Āhua o te Kōura
Nā Rā Pōmare i tuhi
Nā Hēni Jacob i whakamāori
Ko tētahi o ngā mātaitai rongonui tonu, ahurei tonu, ko te kōura – ngā momo kōura waitai e rua e noho mai ana i te takutai huri katoa i Aotearoa.
Mai anō i te wā ki a Māui, kua iri mai ngā mātaitai o te takutai o Aotearoa ki ngā pūrākau. Ā, taka mai ki ēnei rā, e rongo tonu ana ngā korokoro o te iwi nui tonu i te reka o tēnei kai māori.
E kī ana te kōrero, he aitanga nā Kāmaka te kōura. Ko Kāmaka te tama a Tāwhaki rāua ko Hinemurutoka. Ko te matua o Hinemurutoka, ko Rakahore, ko ia te kaitiaki o te toka, o te kōhatu.
Nā Rakahore anō hoki ko ngā ākau me ngā pūkawa i riro hei kāinga mō te kōura.
Kei ngā tuhituhi onamata ngā kōrero mō ngā tāruke hopu kōura tawhito a te Māori. Ka mutu, kāore i tino rerekē ake i te hanga o ngā tāruke o nāianei.
E ai ki ngā pakiwaitara, nā Māui-Tikitiki-a-Taranga i hanga te tāruke tuatahi e tomo atu ai te kōura ki roto me te kore e āhei ki te puta mai anō. Ko ngā tāruke a ana tuākana, he tāruke waha hāmama tonu, e pai ai te kuhu atu a te kōura, ka kai, kātahi ka hoki pai noa iho ki waho.
Me te aha, itiiti nei te kōura i mau i a rātou. Kite iho ana a Māui i tēnei āhua, ka raranga i tana tāruke porotaka tonu, he mea uhi ki te momo raumata e kīia nei he kōrohe, engari ko te waha, he kāwitiwiti haere.
Tomo atu ana te kōura, mau tonu atu. Kāore i ārikarika te nui o te kōura i mau i a Māui, engari kāore ia i whakaatu atu i tēnei tikanga hou ki ana tuākana.
He mawhiti te kōura, he angawaho. Ko tētahi 85% o ngā mea ora katoa o te ao, he angawaho. He tuarā-kore ngā angawaho. Anei ngā āhuatanga matua o tēnei karangatanga:
Anei ētahi atu momo o te karangatanga angawaho:
Anei ētahi atu momo mawhiti:
Te Kōura Papatea
(ka kīia ki te reo Pākehā ko te kōura whero, ko te kōura taratara rānei)
Ko te ingoa pūtaiao o tēnei o ngā kōura, ko Jasus
edwardsii. Koia te mea ririki ake o ngā kōura waitai taketake ake o Aotearoa. Kei tōna 45–50 henemita te roa, ā, ko te taumaha o te nuinga, kei te takiwā o te 2–3 kirokaramu. Heoi anō, kua kitea ētahi mea inati tonu, e waru kirokaramu te taumaha.
Ko tētahi mea i ahurei ai te kōura papatea, atu i tōna tae tonu, ko ngā hanga taratara kei ngā tapa o tōna hiku.
Kei te kaha ake te kitea o te kōura papatea, tēnā i te pawharu.
Ka ora te kōura papatea kia kaumātua tonu – e 50 tau pea e ora ana.
Te Pawharu
(ka kīia ki te reo Pākehā he kōura packhorse)
Ko te ingoa pūtaiao o tēnei o ngā kōura, ko Sagmariasus
verreauxi. Ka rahi noa ake te pawharu i te kōura papatea. Ahakoa he ruarua ake ka mau, ina whakaritea ki te kōura papatea, kei ngā wai o Aotearoa,ā, taiawhio noa. He hiku moheni tēnei o ngā kōura, koirā te tohu matua e tere mōhiotia ai he rerekē tēnei momo i te kōura papatea. Ka tupu pea kia 60 henemita te roa, kia 15 kirokaramu te taumaha.
E rua atu anō ngā momo kōura noho waitai tērā pea ka kitea i ngā wai karapoti i Aotearoa. Koia ēnei:
E rua atu anō ngā kōura māori o Aotearoa, he kōura noho wai māori, ko ngā roto me ngā kōawa ngā kāinga o ērā.
Ngā Kai a te Kōura
He oho pō te kōura. He huna kē te mahi i te awatea, i ngā rua, i ngā kōhao, i ngā pieretanga toka. Ka pō, ka puta ki te kai māna – he kina, he pātangatanga, he pāpaka, he rimurimu, koinei āna kai matua. Heoi anō, he kai anō te kōura i te kiko o te ika kua mate, kua pirau.
Ngā Kāinga Noho
Ko ngā puaretanga iti i te ākau me te takere tokatoka o te moana, huri noa i te motu, koirā ngā tino kāinga o te kōura. Ko te hōhonu o te wai e pai ana hei nohoanga, ko waenganui i te rima me te 275 mita. Ko ngā wāhi noho e pai ana ki a rātou, ko ērā ka uaua ki ō ratou hoariri te tomo atu.
Ngā Āhuatanga Taha Tinana
Mei kore ake te kiri mārō o te kōura hei kaupare atu i te hoariri. He pūhihi anō ōna, hei ārahi i a ia i āna haere. E rua ngā pūhihi roa kei te upoko, hei whāwhā haere māna i ngā toka. He nihoniho tētahi taha o ngā pūhihi nei, ina korowhiti, ina hurihuri rānei, me tūpato te hoariri kua māia ki te whakatata atu, koi werohia.
E rua anō ngā pūhihi poto ake, kei waenganui i ngā mea roa. Mā ēnei pūhihi e āta rongo ai te kōura i ētahi rerekētanga kua pā ki te wai. He tino taonga tēnei tairongo ōna, e kitea ai he kai māna, e mōhio anō ai ia mō āhea huna ai i te hoariri. Ka tino ora te kōura i ēnei pūhihi, me kī koinei hei karu mōna. Inā rā, ko ōna karu tūturu, ka raru i te mārama, i ngā hihi o te rā.
Ko tētahi atu tino āhuatanga o te kōura, ko te tupu ake o tētahi pūhihi atu anō, o tētahi waewae atu anō, ki te whara, ki te ngaro tētahi.
Kia tupu haere te kōura, ka wetekina tōna anga – ka kīia tēnei ko te whakamāunu. Kia māunu tōna kiri mārō tawhito, ka tere tonu tana hoki ki tōna rua, ki reira huna ai, me te tatari kia pakari te anga hou kua tupu ake i raro i te mea tawhito. He ngohe te anga hou i muri tonu i te māunutanga o te mea tawhito, nō reira he mōrearea tonu tana noho mō tētahi wā – kāore hoki he pākai hei ārai atu i te kino.
Te Uwha me te Toa – ngā rerekētanga o tēnā, o tēnā
Kei te hiku me ngā waewae o muri ngā tohu e tere kitea ai me he uwha rānei, he toa rānei:
te uwha
te toa
Te Hurihanga Ora
Kia 7–11 ngā tau o te kōura, kua pakari, kua kātua. Ko te raumati me te ngahuru te wā e mahimahi ai ngā kōura. He tuku mimi te mātārere, kātahi ka tukuna e te toa tana waitātea, ki te puku o te uwha, i a ia e tuku ana i āna hua. Ka whakatōkia ngā hua, ā, ka kohia e te uwha ki raro i tōna hiku, ka hono atu ki ētahi weu roa. E 550,000 pea te rahi o ēnei hua ka awhitia e ia. Ka toru ki te rima marama ngā hua nei ki tona hiku, kātahi ka pao.
Ka pao mai ki Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, nāwai ā, ka torongū te hanga. E hia kē ngā ‘tūātupu’, arā, ngā huringa o te āhua, me te rahi haere anō.
I te tūātupu tuatahi, ka kīia ngā torongū he naupliosoma, he āhua rite ki te pūngāwerewere ki te titiro atu. Ka piki haere ki te mata o te wai, ka huri te āhua o ngā torongū nei kia āhua rite ki te rau o te rākau, ā, ko te phyllosoma te ingoa i konei. Koinei te hanga ka puta atu ana ngā punua nei ki te moana nui tonu.
he phyllosoma
Ka pōteretere haere ki te moana uriuri, me te uru ki ngā kāhui kōura rangi. E rua tau pea e pēnei ana, me te kainga anō o ētahi o ngā ika kai kōura rangi. E hia anō ngā whakamāunu i tēnei wā – arā, ko te wetekanga tēnā o te anga tawhito, me te tupu ake o te anga hou. Ka kawea haerehia ngā kōura rā runga i ngā ia o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ā tae noa ki te whakamāunu phyllosoma whakamutunga.
I konei, ka huri kia kōura moroiti te hanga – e 2.5 henemita pea te roa, me te kōataata anō o te tinana.
Kia pēnei te hanga, ka hoki haere mai ngā kōura pakupaku nei ki te tahatika, ki ngā kāinga e kitea nuitia ai rātou e te hunga hopu kōura. Kāore e mōhiotia ana he aha rātou i mōhio ai ki te ara hoki mai ki te tahamoana. Heoi anō, kia tae mai ki ngā ākau o Aotearoa, kāore te nuinga e wehe anō ki tawhiti.
He Haere Nui Whakaharahara
Hāunga anō te kōrero o runga tata nei, kua kitea iho he wā anō ka heke te tini o te kōura ki tawhiti. Arā ētahi kōura i tohua i Ōtākou, ka mea ā, ka puta ake ko aua kōura tonu i Piopiotahi – tūturu he wharau roa tēnei – e 850 kiromita te roa.
Ka takahi haere ngā tira kōura nei i te takere o te moana i Murihiku, me te whawhai tonu ki te ia o ngā wai o reira kia tae pai ai ki te pito tonga o Rakiura. I reira ka huri, ka whai haere i te takutai o Piopiotahi ki te taha tonga o Te Tai Poutini, kātahi ka rarau.
Kāore e mōhiotia ana te take i haere ai ngā kōura nei ki tawhiti, engari he torutoru ka pērā i ia tau. Ā, i ētahi tau kōtahitahi nei, ka heke te mātinitini.
Te Mahi Kōura
E ai ki ngā tuhituhi tawhito a te Pākehā, he hīkoi haere noa te mahi a te Māori i te ākau i ngā rā o mua, me te whāwhā haere i ngā kōura e huna ana i ngā toka ki ō rātou waewae tonu. Tūpono ana te waewae ki te tuarā taratara, tuohu ana ki te huhuti mai i te kōura i tōna rua. Inā kē te maha o te kōura i aua wā.
I whakamahia anō he tāruke whai māunu hei whakawai i te kōura, e mau ai he kōura maha tonu. Ko ngā tāruke o mua, i āhua rite tonu te hanga ki ngā mea o nāianei.
I ēnei rā, ko te ruku te tikanga ka whāia nuitia e te hunga mahi kōura mā rātou ake me ō rātou whānau. He ngongohā, he mōhiti wai noa iho ngā taputapu a ētahi, ko ētahi ia he puoto wai kei te tuarā, e taea ai te ruku i ngā wai hōhonu ake.
He tuku tāruke tonu te mahi a ētahi, ā, e taea ana te hoko tāruke hei mahi kōura mā te whānau noa iho, hei kaupapa pakihi rānei. Me eke waka, ka tuku ai ki te wai i waho tata atu o te tahamoana. E hia kē pea ngā kōura ka mau i te mahinga kotahi. Kei te tai te kōrero mō te wā e tukuna ai ngā tāruke. Kia huri te tai, ka hūtia ake ngā tāruke, ka tirohia me he kai kei roto.
Te Wāhi ki te Ture
Kua tū mai he waeture hei here i te rahi e whakaaetia ana kia mau i tēnā, i tēnā ringa hopu kōura, kia kore ai e whatungarongaro tēnei puna puiaki. E āta tohua ana te maha o ngā kōura e whakaaetia ana kia mau i ia rā, te kaitā, ā, he kōrero anō mō ngā toa, mō ngā uwha awhi hua, me ngā momo tāruke e pai ana. Tōna tikanga, mā ēnei ture e rawaka ai ngā kōura whakaputa uri, e toitū tonu ai te kōura i ngā rā kei te heke iho.
E whakaaetia ana kia mau te ono kōura i ia rā i te tangata mahi kōura hei kaupapa pārekareka noa māna, heoi anō, kia tika te rahi o ngā tinana – kia rite ki tā te ture i whakahau ai (ko te roa o te hiku te mea ka inea). Mō te hunga he mahi pakihi te mahi kōura mā rātou, kia tika anō te roa o ngā hiku, ā, ka tohua te maha o te kōura e whakaaetia ana kia riro mai i tēnā, i tēnā i te roanga o te tau.
Heoi, me tūpato tonu, kei mimiti te puna kōura. Kua kaha ake te manakohia o te kōura puta noa i te ao, engari me penapena ka tika, kei ngaro. Kia kaua e eke tētahi tikanga e taea ana o te kōrero rā, ‘he manako te kōura i kore ai’.
Ngā Mihi
Ngā mihi mahana ki a rātou mā kua tautoko mai: ki a Malcolm Francis mō ngā whakaahua ātaahua o ngā koura papatea me te pawharu; ki a Susan Pepperell rāua ko Dave Allen me Te Taihoro Nukurangi mō ngā whakaahua maha.
Kaiwhakamāori: Hēni Jacob.
Kaihoahoa: Spencer Levine.
I whakaputaina tēnei pukapuka i te tau 2013 mō te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga e HANA Limited, Pouaka Poutāpeta 12 594, Thorndon, Te Whanganui-a-Tara 6144, Aotearoa.
I whakaputaina tēnei pukapuka i te tau 2013 mō te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga e HANA Limited, Pouaka Poutāpeta 12 594, Thorndon, Te Whanganui-a-Tara 6144, Aotearoa.
Ngā kōrero © Rā Pōmare.
Nā Hana Pōmare © ngā whakaahua kei ngā whārangi 2–3, 7, 12, 13 (kei raro); nā Simon Wi Rutene © te whakaahua kei te whārangi 23; nā Ellie May Logan © ngā whakaahua kei ngā whārangi 4–5, 18–19; nā Malcolm Francis © ngā whakaahua kei ngā whārangi 8, 9, 10–11.
Nā Te Taihoro Nukurangi ngā whakaahua kei ngā whārangi 1 (ko Dave Allen te kaiwhakaahua), 13 (kei runga), 15, 16 (ko Alan Blacklock te kaiwhakaahua), 17, 24 (ko John McCoy te kaiwhakaahua).
Nā Te Alexander Turnbull Library ngā whakaahua kei te whārangi 21, (kei runga – Tāruke or crayfish trap, Waiapu. Ramsden, George Eric Oakes, 1898_1962: Photographs of Sir Peter Buck. Ref: PAColl-7488-10. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.
http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22340831), ā, (kei raro – Man, two boys, and a pile of crayfish, at the back of Harry Daniel’s fish shop, Manaia. Hosie, J C: Photographs of Manaia. Ref: 1/2-058501-F. Alenxander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22367207).
Tēnei pukapuka © Te Karauna.
Kia pūmau te mana. Ngā tono katoa ki te kaiwhakaputa i te pukapuka.
Nama take 710879.
ISBN 1-877422-71-1.
www.hana.co.nz
